Cat. No.: HY-N10650

Caulerpin

Caulerpin is an orally active natural product with anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacteria and analgesic activities. Caulerpin acts as an inhibitor of mitochondrial ETC complex I and acetylcholinesterase. Caulerpin blocks hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1α protein, inhibits VEGF secretion and tumor angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions, reduces the expression of NLRP3 and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppresses the load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Caulerpin can be used in studies related to breast cancer, prostate cancer, tuberculosis and viral infections.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No.: 26612-48-6
Formula: C₂₄H₁₈N₂O₄
Molecular Weight:398.42

Storage:

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Caulerpin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 26612-48-6

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Use of MCE Products

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Purity & Documentation
References
Calculators
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

^[1]

NLRP3

HIF-1α

All HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase Isoforms :

All VEGFR Isoforms :

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
HepG2	IC₅₀	24.6 μg/mL Compound: 55	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by colorimetric method Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 24 hrs by colorimetric method	[PMID: 36170798]

In Vitro

Anti-cancerCarbohydrate MetabolismLocal Vascular RegulationCell ProliferationEMT / MetastasisMitochondrial FunctionMitochondrial Oxidative PhosphorylationInnate ImmunityBacterial InfectionCytokines &ChemokinesInflammasomeViral InfectionOthers

Anti-cancer

Caulerpin (10 μM; 30 min pre-incubation, followed by 4 h exposure) blocks hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation in T47D human breast tumor cell nuclear extracts^[1].
Caulerpin (compound 1) (1-30 μM; 16 h) inhibits hypoxia- and chemical hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation in T47D human breast tumor cells^[1].

Anti-cancer

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Local Vascular Regulation

Caulerpin (30 μM; 16 h) suppresses hypoxia-induced VEGF and GLUT-1 mRNA expression in T47D human breast tumor cells over 16 h^[1].

Anti-cancer

Cell Proliferation

Caulerpin (1-30 μM; 48 h) induces cell line-dependent growth inhibition in human tumor cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, DU145, PC-3) after 48 h of normoxic incubation, with maximum 52% inhibition in PC-3 cells, and less pronounced effects on primary HMEC cells^[1].

Anti-cancer

EMT / Metastasis

Caulerpin (10-30 μM; 22 h) suppresses migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor cells over 22 h, without significant cytotoxicity under the same conditions^[1].

Anti-cancer

Local Vascular Regulation

Caulerpin (10 μM) suppresses hypoxia-induced secreted VEGF protein production in T47D human breast tumor cells^[1].
Caulerpin (10-30 μM) suppresses the hypoxia-induced angiogenic activity of T47D human breast tumor cell-conditioned media in HUVEC tube formation assays^[1].

Anti-cancer

Mitochondrial Function

Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation

Caulerpin (10-30 μM; 2 h pre-incubation for permeabilized cells) inhibits mitochondrial respiration at electron transport chain complex I in T47D human breast tumor cells,^[1].

Innate Immunity

Caulerpin (compound CP) (3.25-30 μM; 24-48 h) reduces RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell viability^[2].

Innate Immunity

Bacterial Infection

Caulerpin (15 μM; 12 h post-infection re-treatment) reduces intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra loads in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages when used as a re-treatment at 12 h post-infection, but (15 μM; pre-incubation) not when used as a pre-incubation treatment prior to infection^[2].
Caulerpin (15 μM; 24 h post-infection) reduces intracellular Mycobacterium smegmatis mc²155 loads in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by 0.230 log₁₀ CFU after 24 h of post-infection treatment^[2].
Caulerpin (15 μM; 24 h post-infection) reduces intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra loads in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by 0.250 log₁₀ CFU after 24 h of post-infection treatment^[2].
Caulerpin (15 μM; 8 h pre-incubation) reduces intracellular Mycobacterium smegmatis mc²155 loads in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by 0.360 log₁₀ CFU when used as an 8 h pre-incubation treatment, and (15 μM; 12 h post-infection re-treatment) by an additional 0.287 log₁₀ CFU when used as a re-treatment at 12 h post-infection^[2].

Innate Immunity

Cytokines &

Chemokines

Inflammasome

Caulerpin (15 μM; 24 h post-infection) modulates the immune response in Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by reducing TNF-α, IL-1β, and NLRP3 inflammasome levels after 24 h of treatment, without affecting IL-10 production^[2].

Viral Infection

Caulerpin (0.65-20 μM; 3 days post-adsorption) potently inhibits CHIKV replication in Vero cells, with an EC₅₀ of 0.8 μM^[4].
Caulerpin (1.25-5 μM) dose-dependently inactivates CHIKV particles^[4].
Caulerpin (10-50 μM) inhibits the alpha (0-3 h p.i.) and beta (3-6 h p.i.) phases of the HSV-1 replicative cycle in Vero cells, with no cell-free virucidal activity^[3].
Caulerpin (20 h) inhibits HSV-1 replication in Vero cells with an EC₅₀ of 1.29 μM and a selectivity index of 904^[3].
Caulerpin (5 μM; 72 hours total incubation) completely inhibits CHIKV replication in Vero cells when added up to 3 hours post-infection, with activity declining at later time points including 4, 6, 9, 12, and 16 hours post-infection^[4].

Others

Caulerpin (100-1000 μg/mL; 3 days prior to MTT addition) exhibits low cytotoxicity toward Vero cells at concentrations up to 1000 μg/mL over a 3-day incubation^[4].
Caulerpin (50-1000 μM; 72 h) exhibits low cytotoxicity in Vero cells, with a CC₅₀ of 1167 μM^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Real Time qPCR^[1]

Cell Line:

T47D human breast tumor cells
Concentration:

30 μM
Incubation Time:

16 h
Result:

Suppressed hypoxia-induced VEGF and GLUT-1 mRNA expression.

Cell Migration Assay ^[1]

Cell Line:

MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor cells
Concentration:

10, 30 μM
Incubation Time:

22 h (under normoxia or hypoxia)
Result:

Suppressed MDA-MB-231 cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner over 22 h.

Cell Proliferation Assay^[1]

Cell Line:

T47D, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, DU145, PC-3 human tumor cell lines; primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC)
Concentration:

1, 3, 10, 30 μM
Incubation Time:

48 h (under normoxia)
Result:

Exhibited cell line-dependent growth inhibitory effects after 48 h of incubation.
Achieved the highest inhibition of 52% in PC-3 prostate tumor cells at 30 μM.
Caused less than 25% inhibition in HMEC cells at concentrations up to 30 μM.
DU145 prostate tumor cells were the least sensitive.
Extended incubation (48 h vs 22 h) increased growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

T47D human breast tumor cell
Concentration:

10 μM
Incubation Time:

30 min pre-incubation, followed by 4 h exposure
Result:

Blocked hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation in T47D human breast tumor cell nuclear extracts.

Cell Viability Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells
Concentration:

3.75, 7.5, 15, 30 μM (24 h incubation); 3.75, 7.5, 15 μM (48 h incubation)
Incubation Time:

24 h; 48 h
Result:

Reduced RAW 264.7 cell viability only at the 30 μM concentration after 24 h incubation.
Reduced cell viability at the 15 and 30 μM concentrations after 48 h incubation.

Cell Cytotoxicity Assay^[3]

Cell Line:

Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells
Concentration:

50 μM, 250 μM, 500 μM, 1000 μM
Incubation Time:

72 h caulerpin
Result:

Showed low cytotoxicity in Vero cells, with a CC₅₀ of 1167 μM.

Cell Cytotoxicity Assay^[4]

Cell Line:

Vero cells
Concentration:

100, 200, 400, 800, 1000 μg/mL
Incubation Time:

3 days prior to MTT addition
Result:

Exhibited low cytotoxicity relative to antiviral activity; no specific numerical values provided.

In Vivo

Caulerpin (0.01-100 µmol/kg; p.o.) exhibits peripherally mediated antinociceptive activity in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, with an IC₅₀ of 0.0945 μmol^[5].
Caulerpin (100 µmol/kg; p.o.) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in capsaicin (HY-10448)-induced ear edema, reducing edema by 55.8%^[5].
Caulerpin (100 µmol/kg; p.o.) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced peritonitis, reducing total leukocyte recruitment by 48.3% and suppressing neutrophil migration to the inflammatory site^[5].
Caulerpin (100 µmol/kg; p.o.) exhibits both centrally and peripherally mediated antinociceptive activity in formalin-induced pain, inhibiting the neurogenic phase by 28.5% and the inflammatory phase by 55.7%^[5].
Caulerpin (100 µmol/kg; p.o.) exhibits centrally mediated antinociceptive activity in hot plate-induced thermal nociception, significantly increasing reaction latency at 90, 120, and 150 minutes post-treatment without motor impairment^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Swiss albino mice (adult male and female, 20-35 g)^[5]
Dosage:

0.01 µmol/kg; 0.1 µmol/kg; 1 µmol/kg; 10 µmol/kg; 100 µmol/kg
Administration:

p.o.
Result:

Inhibited acetic acid-induced nociception with an IC₅₀ of 0.0945 μmol.
Produced approximate percent inhibitions of 80%, 60%, 60%, 30%, and 0% at doses of 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µmol/kg, respectively.

Animal Model:

Swiss albino mice (adult male and female, 20-35 g)^[5]
Dosage:

100 µmol/kg
Administration:

p.o.
Result:

Significantly increased reaction latency at 90 minutes (4.6 sec), 120 minutes (3.8 sec), and 150 minutes (4.0 sec) relative to control group latencies (3.2 sec, 2.8 sec, 2.6 sec, respectively).\nInhibited the neurogenic phase of formalin-induced licking by 28.5%.
Inhibited the inflammatory phase of formalin-induced licking by 55.7%.

Animal Model:

Swiss albino mice (adult male and female, 20-35 g)^[5]
Dosage:

100 µmol/kg
Administration:

p.o.
Result:

Inhibited capsaicin-induced ear edema by 55.8% relative to the control group.\nReduced total recruited leukocytes in peritoneal exudate by 48.3% relative to the carrageenan-only control group.
Decreased polymorphonuclear neutrophil counts to 6.0% and increased lymphocyte counts to 63.0% and monocyte counts to 31.0% relative to the carrageenan-only group (34.5% polymorphonuclear, 44.0% lymphocytes, 20.5% monocytes).

Related Protocols :

Chemical Information

CAS No. 26612-48-6
Molecular Weight 398.42
Formula C₂₄H₁₈N₂O₄
SMILES

O=C(OC)C1=CC=2C=3C=CC=CC3NC2C(=CC=4C=5C=CC=CC5NC14)C(=O)OC
Structure Classification
- Others
Initial Source
- Marine natural products
- Marine algae
Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk?l) J.Agardh
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Purity & Documentation

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Liu Y, et al. The Caulerpa pigment caulerpin inhibits HIF-1 activation and mitochondrial respiration. Journal of natural products. 2009 Dec;72(12):2104-9. [Content Brief]

[2]. Sidrônio MGS, et al. Host-Mediated Antimicrobial Effects and NLRP3 Inflammasome Modulation by Caulerpin and Its Derivatives in Macrophage Models of Mycobacterial Infections. Microorganisms. 2025 Mar 01;13(3):561. [Content Brief]

[3]. Macedo NRPV, et al. Caulerpin as a potential antiviral drug against herpes simplex virus type 1. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2012;22(4):861-867.

[4]. Esteves PO, et al. Antiviral Effect of Caulerpin Against Chikungunya. Natural Product Communications. 2019;14(10):1-6.

[5]. de Souza ET, et al. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of caulerpin, a bisindole alkaloid isolated from seaweeds of the genus Caulerpa. Marine drugs. 2009 Nov 26;7(4):689-704. [Content Brief]

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Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

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Caulerpin

All HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase Isoforms

All VEGFR Isoforms

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms