Scientific Reviews

Explore optogenetics through its molecular mechanisms, experimental strategies, research applications, and translational advances.

Explore emerging synthetic lethal vulnerabilities beyond BRCA–PARP and advances in their discovery and prediction through CRISPR screening, organoids, multi-omics, and AI.

Review the metabolic regulation of ferroptosis through iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence, and the emerging polyamine–iron buffering axis.

Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence use antibodies and fluorescent labels to visualize specific molecules on the cell surface or inside cells. A typical workflow includes sample preparation, fixation, permeabilization, blocking, antibody incubation, counterstaining, mounting, and imaging.

Explore conserved antiviral mechanisms across mammals and bacteria, from virus recognition and immune signaling to metabolic defense and gasdermin-mediated cell death, and their implications for innate immune evolution.

Explore how mitochondrial quality control, inflammatory signaling, and metabolic–epigenetic reprogramming regulate cellular senescence and the SASP, along with strategies to restore mitochondrial homeostasis.

Explore the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion, dynamic checkpoint regulation, and the evolution of mechanism-driven combinations and patient stratification.

Review the biological basis of PCSK9, key therapeutic modalities, cardiovascular evidence, and future directions, including insights from the CORALreef clinical program.

Explore advances in mRNA molecular design and targeted delivery, emerging non-LNP platforms, and key translational challenges shaping broader applications beyond vaccines.

Obesity substantially increases the risk of chronic diseases such as T2D and cardiovascular disease. The breakout success of GLP-1 therapies has spotlighted GLP-1R and a wave of emerging obesity targets.