Nitrovin hydrochloride
Based on 1 Customer Validation
Nitrovin (Difurazon) hydrochloride is an orally active inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) with both antibacterial and anticancer activities. Nitrovin hydrochloride induces ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress by targeting and inhibiting TrxR1, which in turn induces cytoplasmic vacuolation, activates MAPK, and inhibits Alix. Nitrovin hydrochloride induces paraptosis-like non-apoptotic cell death, thereby exerting significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Nitrovin hydrochloride is used for research on glioblastoma, liver cancer, and bacterial infections.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.29%
- CAS No.: 2315-20-0
- Formula: C14H13ClN6O6
- Molecular Weight:396.74
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Storage:
-20°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
[1]|
TrxR1 |
In Vitro
Nitrovin (1.25-10 µM; 24 h) hydrochloride decreases cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, depletes intracellular ATP levels, and induces extensive characteristic cytoplasmic vacuolation in human glioblastoma U251 and U87 cells[1].
Nitrovin (0.625-5 µM; 24 h) hydrochloride downregulates the expression of the paraptosis-specific inhibitory protein Alix in a concentration-dependent manner in human glioblastoma U251 and U87 cells[1].
Nitrovin (1.25-5 µM; 4 h) hydrochloride concentration-dependently inhibits the catalytic activity of intracellular TrxR1 in human glioblastoma U251 and U87 cells[1].
Nitrovin (24 h) hydrochloride activates ARE/Nrf2 reporter gene transcription in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in a bell-shaped curve, activating ARE-bla signaling at low doses and causing cytotoxicity at high doses[5].
Nitrovin (5 µM; 0.5-8 h) hydrochloride time-dependently upregulates the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins BiP, p-eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP and rapidly induces ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation activation, followed by slightly later induction of JNK1/2 phosphorylation in human glioblastoma U251 cells[1].
Nitrovin (1 μg/dish; 12 h) hydrochloride induces significant frameshift mutations, base substitution mutations, and DNA cross-linking damage in Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA100, and TA102, and triggers the formation of numerous His+ revertant colonies[6].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:U251 and U87 glioblastoma cells
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Concentration:1.25 µM、2.5 µM、5 µM、10 µM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Induced intracellular ROS formation in a concentration-dependent manner.
NAC or GSH pretreatment significantly reversed Nitrovin hydrochloride-induced ROS and cell death in both cell lines.
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Cell Line:U251 cells
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Concentration:0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Produced no detectable cleavage of caspase-3 (pro-form 35 kDa; cleaved-forms 19/17 kDa) or caspase-7 (pro-form 35 kDa; cleaved-form 20 kDa).
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Cell Line:U251 cells
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Concentration:0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Resulted in only a very minor percentage of Annexin V-positive apoptotic cells, confirming that cell death occurred predominantly via a non-apoptotic pathway.
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Cell Line:U251 and U87 cells
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Concentration:0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Concentration-dependently downregulated the protein expression of Alix.
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Cell Line:U251 cells
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Concentration:0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM
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Incubation Time:0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h
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Result:Caused no statistically significant changes in total TrxR1 protein expression levels across different doses or time intervals.
In Vivo
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:wild-type larvae Zebrafish with Glioblastoma multiforme[1]
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Dosage:2.5 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM
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Administration:waterborne exposure; continuous immersion exposure starting at 2 days post-fertilization; 2 days of treatment/observation until 3 days post-microinjection
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Result:Reduced tumor fluorescence area to ~100% of control at 2.5 μM.
Reduced tumor fluorescence area to ~60% of control at 5 μM.
Reduced tumor fluorescence area to ~45% of control at 10 μM.
Showed inhibitory effect at 5 μM comparable to that of 100 μM TMZ.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 2315-20-0
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 396.74
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Formula C14H13ClN6O6
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Color Yellow to brown
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SMILES
O=[N+](C1=CC=C(/C=C/C(/C=C/C2=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O2)=N\NC(N)=N)O1)[O-].[H]Cl
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Synonyms
Difurazon hydrochloride
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
-20°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 5.83 mg/mL (14.69 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (298 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Zhao L, et al. Nitrovin (difurazone), an antibacterial growth promoter, induces ROS-mediated paraptosis-like cell death by targeting thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1). Biochemical pharmacology. 2023 Apr;210:115487. [Content Brief]
[3]. McCalla DR. Nitrofurans. InMechanism of action of antibacterial agents 1979 (pp. 176-213). Berlin.
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 2.5205 mL | 12.6027 mL | 25.2054 mL | 63.0136 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5041 mL | 2.5205 mL | 5.0411 mL | 12.6027 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2521 mL | 1.2603 mL | 2.5205 mL | 6.3014 mL |
Nitrovin hydrochloride Related Classifications
HY-129751 Related Classifications
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