223

Metformin hydrochloride

223 Publications Verification

Cat. No.: HY-17471A

CAS No.: 1115-70-4

Synonyms: 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride

Target:

AMPK Autophagy Mitophagy Apoptosis mTOR

Research Areas:

Cardiovascular Disease Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

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223

Metformin

223 Publications Verification

Cat. No.: HY-B0627

CAS No.: 657-24-9

Synonyms: 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide

Target:

AMPK Autophagy Mitophagy Apoptosis mTOR

Research Areas:

Cardiovascular Disease Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

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72

Exendin-4 acetate

72 Cited Publications

Cat. No.: HY-13443A

CAS No.: 914454-01-6

Purity: 99.91%

Synonyms: Exenatide acetate

Target:

GLP Receptor Apoptosis

Research Areas:

Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease

Exendin-4 acetate (Exenatide acetate) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP‑1 receptor) agonist that resists degradation mediated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Exendin-4 acetate mediates multiple glucose-regulating effects, including stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon production, increase in β-cell mass, delay of gastric emptying, reduction of food intake, improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity, and restoration of normal islet structure. Exendin-4 acetate inhibits oxidative stress, alleviates inflammatory responses, and reduces neuronal apoptosis. Exendin-4 acetate reduces the aggregation level of mutant huntingtin, improves motor function, prolongs survival time, and regulates the expression levels of leptin and ghrelin. Exendin-4 acetate can be used in research related to type 2 diabetes, acute ischemic stroke, and Huntington's disease .

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72

Exendin-4

72 Cited Publications

Cat. No.: HY-13443

CAS No.: 141758-74-9

Purity: 99.95%

Synonyms: Exenatide

Target:

GLP Receptor Apoptosis

Research Areas:

Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease

Exendin‑4 (Exenatide) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP‑1 receptor) agonist that resists degradation mediated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Exendin‑4 mediates multiple glucose-regulating effects, including stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon production, increase in β-cell mass, delay of gastric emptying, reduction of food intake, improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity, and restoration of normal islet structure. Exendin‑4 inhibits oxidative stress, alleviates inflammatory responses, and reduces neuronal apoptosis. Exendin‑4 reduces the aggregation level of mutant huntingtin, improves motor function, prolongs survival time, and regulates the expression levels of leptin and ghrelin. Exendin‑4 can be used in research related to type 2 diabetes, acute ischemic stroke, and Huntington's disease .

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9

Imeglimin

9 Cited Publications

Cat. No.: HY-14771

CAS No.: 775351-65-0

Synonyms: EMD 387008

Target:

Mitochondrial Metabolism Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Research Areas:

Metabolic Disease

Imeglimin (EMD 387008) is an oral glucose-lowering agent. Imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity. Imeglimin also reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increases mitochondrial DNA and improves mitochondrial function .

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8

Setmelanotide

8 Cited Publications

Cat. No.: HY-19870

CAS No.: 920014-72-8

Synonyms: RM-493; BIM-22493; IRC-022493

Target:

Melanocortin Receptor Calmodulin AMPK

Setmelanotide (RM-493) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective MC4R agonist with a K_i value of 2.1 nM for hMC4R. Setmelanotide activates the CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. Setmelanotide mediates body weight homeostasis, feeding regulation and energy expenditure modulation; it reduces food intake, induces weight loss, decreases obesity severity, increases daytime activity and energy expenditure, lowers levels of leptin, triglycerides, fasting insulin and diastolic blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver condition, and reverses respiratory depression. Setmelanotide is applicable to research related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and respiratory depression .

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8

Setmelanotide monoacetate

8 Cited Publications

Cat. No.: HY-19870C

CAS No.: 2759937-80-7

Synonyms: RM-493 monoacetate; BIM-22493 monoacetate; IRC-022493 monoacetate

Target:

Melanocortin Receptor Calmodulin AMPK

Research Areas:

Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology

Setmelanotide monoacetate (RM-493 monoacetate) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective MC4R agonist with a K_i value of 2.1 nM for hMC4R. Setmelanotide monoacetate activates the CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. Setmelanotide monoacetate mediates body weight homeostasis, feeding regulation and energy expenditure modulation; it reduces food intake, induces weight loss, decreases obesity severity, increases daytime activity and energy expenditure, lowers levels of leptin, triglycerides, fasting insulin and diastolic blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver condition, and reverses respiratory depression. Setmelanotide monoacetate is applicable to research related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and respiratory depression .

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6

Tauro-β-muricholic acid

6 Cited Publications

Cat. No.: HY-N9933

CAS No.: 25696-60-0

Synonyms: TβMCA

Category:

Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Animals Endogenous metabolite Steroids

Target:

FXR Apoptosis

Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is an orally active trihydroxylated bile acid and a competitive, reversible FXR antagonist (IC₅₀=40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, while simultaneously inhibiting intestinal FXR signaling, affecting bile acid synthesis, hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Accumulation of tauro-β-muricholic acid disrupts metabolic homeostasis, promoting cancer stem cell proliferation and tumor progression. The mechanisms of tauro-β-muricholic acid involve two aspects: first, inhibiting the translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax to mitochondria and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); and second, blocking the FXR signaling pathway to regulate bile acid metabolism, reduce serum ceramide production, and downregulate the hepatic SREBP1C/CIDEA pathway. Tauro-β-muricholic acid possesses anti-hepatocyte apoptosis, bile acid homeostasis regulation, and liver fat accumulation reduction properties, and also functions as a biomarker, making it useful in the study of diseases such as bile acid metabolism disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, colorectal cancer, and liver fibrosis .

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