Proteostasis

Structure and Multifarious Functions of Neuronal Endoplasmic Reticulum

The neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system of sheets and interconnected tubules that extends from the soma into axons and dendrites, where its architecture is adapted to neuronal polarity and long-range cellular demands.

α-Synuclein Aggregation Elimination

α-Synuclein aggregation elimination refers to cellular or therapeutic processes that reduce pathogenic α-synuclein species through protein quality control, degradation, or targeted clearance.

Molecular Transport Patterns and Functions At Brain-Meninges Interface

Molecular transport at the brain-meninges interface comprises the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), interstitial fluid, macromolecules, solutes, and immune cells across interconnected parenchymal, subarachnoid, arachnoid, dural, lymphatic, and skull-associated compartments.

In Vitro Mechanisms of Physiological and Pathological Aβ Proteins At Synapse

Amyloid-β (Aβ) proteins are proteolytic products of amyloid precursor protein whose synaptic actions depend strongly on concentration, assembly state, and experimental context.

mTOR Mediates Somatic Mosaic Mutations in Brain

Somatic mosaic mutations are post-zygotically acquired variants arising during cortical development, and their discovery has established a molecular connection between brain-restricted genetic variation, malformations of cortical development, and focal epilepsy.

Heavy Metal Exposure and Brain Proteinopathy

Heavy metal exposure and brain proteinopathy describes the intersection between neurotoxic metal exposure and pathological changes in proteins associated with neurodegenerative disease, particularly amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein.

Cognition-Like Behaviors in Microorganisms Lacking a Nervous System

Cognition-like behaviors in microorganisms lacking a nervous system refer to experimentally observed capacities such as sensing, navigation, decision-making, memory, learning, and adaptive information processing in cells or organisms without neurons.

Central Nervous System Damage Effects Of Varicella-Zoster Virus

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic human alphaherpesvirus that causes varicella during primary infection, establishes latency in ganglionic neurons along the neuraxis, and can reactivate to produce herpes zoster and central nervous system disease.

Design Of Antiviral Strategies From Perspective Of RNA Virus Evolution

Design of antiviral strategies from the perspective of RNA virus evolution treats viral evolution as a drug-design variable: mutation, recombination, reassortment and population interactions generate genetic diversity, while genome organization, epistasis, host factors and structural constraints limit the accessible evolutionary landscape.

Cell-Autonomous Immunity in Host-Pathogen Interactions

Cell-autonomous immunity is the capacity of a host cell to detect, restrict, or eliminate an invasive infectious agent without requiring destruction of that cell by another immune cell.

Phospholipid Sensing Drives Viral Replication Complex Assembly

Phospholipid sensing in viral replication complex assembly describes the capacity of viral replication proteins to exploit the abundance, identity, and metabolism of host membrane lipids so that new viral replicase complexes form only in a membrane environment that supports RNA synthesis.

Viral Translation Competition: Reconfiguration Of eIF3 Subunits

Viral translation competition through reconfiguration of eIF3 subunits describes how viruses exploit the multisubunit eukaryotic initiation factor 3 complex to favor viral RNA translation over host mRNAs.

Categories And Mechanisms Of Action Of Active Antimicrobial Agents

Active antimicrobial agents are compounds used to inhibit or kill susceptible microorganisms through defined interactions with essential cellular systems, and antibacterial agents provide the clearest mechanistic framework for categorization.

Ai-Accelerated Discovery Of Antibiotics And Antimicrobial Agents

AI-accelerated discovery of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents applies artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to identify, prioritize, or design molecules with antibacterial activity from chemical and biological search spaces.

Drug-Resistant Infections And New Antibiotic Development

Drug-resistant infections arise when bacteria become intrinsically resistant or acquire resistance to antimicrobial agents, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat have become increasingly common; resistance genes can move between bacteria, while antimicrobial exposure in health care, agriculture, and the environment drives selection, and transmission is shaped by infection control, sanitation, clean-water access, antimicrobial quality, diagnostics, travel, and migration; resistance has now been detected to all antibiotics in clinical use while only a few novel drugs remain in the pipeline, sustaining intense interest in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and antibiotic discovery, and the development problem is especially acute for Gram-negative pathogens because their outer membrane blocks entry of many antibiotics; this long-running challenge is illustrated by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, for which no new antibiotic chemical class with activity had reached patients in more than 50 years before recent tethered macrocyclic peptide development, making resistance biology, novel antibacterial targets, and new chemical scaffolds central priorities for infectious-disease research and drug discovery.

Bacterial Metabolism And Antibiotic Interactions

Bacterial metabolism and antibiotic interactions describe the reciprocal relationship between antibiotic action and the metabolic state of bacterial cells.

Breakthrough in Overcoming Drug Resistance With Bacterial Envelope Inhibitors

Bacterial envelope inhibitors are antibacterial agents that disable essential processes used to build, maintain, or organize the bacterial cell envelope, particularly the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens.

Drug Resistance Diversity And Inhibition Strategies Of Pathogenic Fungi

Antifungal drug resistance in pathogenic fungi describes the ability of clinically important fungi to remain viable or grow despite exposure to antifungal agents, and it has shifted from a relatively uncommon observation to a major limitation of therapy as resistant and multidrug-resistant strains have emerged.

Mechanisms Of Mutualistic Symbiosis Between Insects And Bacteria

Mutualistic symbiosis between insects and bacteria is an intimate association in which bacterial partners supply functions that support host growth, reproduction, or survival while the host provides a protected cellular or physiological niche.

RQC and Longevity Regulation

Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) is a conserved cotranslational surveillance system that detects stalled translation complexes, promotes ribosome recycling, and prevents accumulation of incomplete nascent polypeptides.

Reductive Stress: a New Perspective on Redox Imbalance in Chronic Diseases

Reductive stress describes a pathological shift of cellular redox balance toward excessive reducing capacity, particularly accumulation of NADH, NADPH, and reduced glutathione (GSH), rather than the oxidant excess that defines oxidative stress.

Autophagy-Inflammasome: Regulation in Cancer, CVD, and Neurodegeneration

Autophagy-inflammasome regulation describes the reciprocal control between lysosome-dependent cellular degradation and inflammasome-driven innate inflammatory signaling.

Analysis of the Interplay Between Autophagy and Aging Via a Threshold Model

Autophagy is a conserved lysosome-mediated degradation and recycling process that removes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, damaged organelles, and other intracellular material to maintain cellular homeostasis and survival.

Reproductive Resilience: a New Perspective on Sex-Based Differences in Aging

Reproductive resilience offers a useful framework for interpreting sex-based differences in aging by linking the durability of reproductive and endocrine function to broader trajectories of healthspan.

Anti-Aging Strategies to Reverse Organelle Dysfunction

Anti-aging strategies to reverse organelle dysfunction target the age-associated failure of cellular compartments and their quality-control systems rather than a single organelle in isolation.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reverse Age-Related Vision Decline

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and very-long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs), are unusually abundant components of retinal membranes and are integral to photoreceptor structure and function.

Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Muscle-Aging Effects of PGE2-EP4

The published muscle-aging literature concerns prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP4 signaling; the retrieved peer-reviewed evidence does not establish a distinct 'PEG2-EP4' entity.

Cardiac Aging: Molecular Markers and Therapeutic Targets

Cardiac aging describes the progressive decline in myocardial cellular function and cardiac performance that accompanies advancing age and increases vulnerability to heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases.

Hallmarks of Stem Cell Aging

Stem cell aging describes the progressive loss of functional competence in adult stem cells that normally sustain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life.

Pro-Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Adaptive Immune Senescence

Adaptive immune senescence describes age-associated remodeling and functional decline in acquired immunity, especially T- and B-cell compartments, alongside the chronic low-grade inflammatory state termed inflammaging.

Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases and Drug Targeting

Age-related neurodegenerative diseases comprise progressive disorders in which neuronal structure, synaptic function, and selected neuronal populations deteriorate, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) representing major examples associated with aging.

Systemic Aging and Age-Related Diseases

Systemic aging is the progressive loss of physiological integrity across cells, tissues, organs, and inter-organ networks, leading to impaired function and increasing vulnerability to major chronic diseases.

Mechanisms of Inter-Organ Communication Promoting Healthy Aging

Inter-organ communication promoting healthy aging comprises endocrine, neuronal, metabolic, mitochondrial-stress, and other cell-non-autonomous signals through which one tissue changes homeostasis, stress resistance, metabolism, or longevity programs in distant tissues.

Ubiquitination Regulates Tumor Metabolism and Cancer Therapy

Ubiquitination is a multistep post-translational modification that controls protein stability and diverse cellular activities, while deubiquitination counteracts ubiquitin-dependent regulation.

NADH Reductive Stress Mediates Redox and Disease Regulation

NADH reductive stress describes a redox imbalance in which excessive reducing equivalents, especially elevated NADH relative to NAD+, shift cellular redox homeostasis toward an abnormally reduced state.

Dietary Restriction Impacts Longevity and Metabolism

Dietary restriction, with calorie restriction (CR) as its best-studied form, reduces energy intake while preserving adequate nutrition and is widely used to probe the biology of aging.

Myocellular Mechanisms: Obesity, Atrophy, and T2DM

Myocellular mechanisms in obesity, skeletal muscle atrophy, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) describe the cellular processes through which chronic nutrient excess and impaired insulin action alter muscle metabolism, mass, and function.

Rhythm-Sympathetic Regulation of the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Process

Rhythm-sympathetic regulation of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can be framed as the interaction between intrinsic circadian timing in disc tissue and autonomic neuromodulatory signals that influence disc-cell behavior.

Regulation of Cognitive Function by Cerebral Circadian Rhythms

Cerebral circadian rhythms are near-24-hour oscillations generated by the brain’s circadian timing system that shape arousal, learning, memory, emotion, and other cognitive functions across the day.

Circadian Rhythms and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological oscillations that organize physiology and behavior across approximately 24 hours, while the mammalian circadian timing system includes a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and cellular clocks distributed throughout the brain and body.

Cyclic Turnover of Mitochondrial Dynamics

Cyclic turnover of mitochondrial dynamics describes coordinated renewal of the mitochondrial population through mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, fission, and selective degradation.

Non-Classical Clock Regulation of Stress Response in Digestive Diseases

Noncanonical clock regulation describes rhythmic biological control that extends beyond the canonical 24-hour CLOCK-BMAL1 circadian oscillator and includes ultradian timing systems and stress-responsive transcriptional regulators.

Molecular Basis of Circadian and Sleep Regulation in Brain Cells

Circadian and sleep regulation in brain cells can be framed as a coupled system in which cell-autonomous molecular clocks coordinate with sleep-homeostatic signals across neurons and astrocytes.

Acute Pancreatitis: Pathophysiology And Inflammatory Networks

Acute pancreatitis begins with injury to pancreatic acinar cells and can progress from a self-limited local illness to systemic inflammation and multiorgan failure.

Inflammation Mechanisms And Pathology In Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease is defined clinically by progressive motor and nonmotor dysfunction and pathologically by loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and alpha-synuclein-rich inclusions.

Macromolecular Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Platforms And Mechanisms

Macromolecular anti-inflammatory platforms use polymers, proteins, conjugates, hydrogels, or nanoparticles to change where, when, and how an active agent is delivered.

Autophagy And TFEB In TB Immunity

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent pathway that can restrict intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis while maintaining macrophage homeostasis.

Systemic Roles Of NR1I2/PXR In Intestinal Inflammation

Pregnane X receptor, encoded by NR1I2, is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor best known for coordinating xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine.

GlycoRNAs Regulate Inflammation And Cancer Development

GlycoRNAs are an emerging class of small noncoding RNAs covalently modified with glycans and displayed at the cell surface.

Colitis: Signaling Pathways, Therapeutic Targets, And Intervention Strategies

Colitis, particularly ulcerative colitis, reflects failure of intestinal immune, epithelial, microbial, and stromal homeostasis.