Tumor Microenvironment

Techniques and Biomedical Applications of 3D High-Resolution Histology

High-resolution 3D histology analyzes biological tissues volumetrically to preserve spatial organization while resolving cellular, subcellular, and molecular features; current technique families encompass microscopy imaging, tomographic approaches, single-cell and spatial omics, computational analysis, and 3D tissue reconstruction.

Molecular Characteristics of Brain Metastasis in Cancer

Brain metastases are secondary tumors formed when systemic cancer cells colonize the central nervous system and represent a major source of neurological disability and cancer mortality.

Microbiota-TLS (Tertiary Lymphoid Structure) Interactions Influence Tumor Immune Responses

Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are organized immune-cell aggregates that arise in non-lymphoid tissues under sustained inflammatory conditions and support local T- and B-cell immunity.

Active Hydrogel-Mediated Microbial Delivery And Therapy

Active hydrogel-mediated microbial delivery and therapy describes engineered living hydrogels in which viable microorganisms are integrated with hydrated matrices so cells can sense local conditions, remain metabolically active, and deliver therapeutic functions.

Ai-Enabled Mining Of Microbial Gene Functions

AI-enabled mining of microbial gene functions combines metagenomic sequencing with machine learning or deep learning to infer functional roles from microbial genes and proteins that conventional annotation cannot confidently characterize.

Central Role Of Cgas-Sting in HPV Infection And Cancer

The central role of cGAS-STING in HPV infection and cancer lies in its function as a DNA-sensing innate immune axis that links viral genome surveillance, interferon signaling, and tumor-associated immune control.

Virus-Host Metabolic Interplay Remodels Tumor Microenvironment

Virus-host metabolic interplay in cancer describes the capacity of viral infection and viral oncogenes to rewire host-cell metabolism while simultaneously altering the metabolic conditions experienced by stromal and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

Epidemiological Landscape And Viral Oncogenic Drivers Of Hpv-Associated Cancers

HPV-associated cancers are malignancies etiologically linked to persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomaviruses, particularly high-risk types such as HPV16 and HPV18.

Bacterial Derivatives And Tumor-Targeted Therapy

Bacterial derivatives and tumor-targeted therapy encompass live tumor-tropic bacteria and bacteria-derived products, especially outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), engineered to localize therapeutic activity within tumors.

Bacterial Toxin-Antibody Conjugates for Cancer Immunotherapy

Bacterial toxin-antibody conjugates, commonly termed antibody-based immunotoxins, combine an antibody or antibody fragment that recognizes a tumor-associated surface antigen with a bacterial protein toxin capable of killing the bound cell.

Next-Generation Probiotics: Development Process And Mechanisms Of Development

Next-generation probiotics (NGPs) emerged from advances in gut microbiome research that expanded probiotic discovery beyond the narrow range of traditional organisms and toward previously underused commensal bacteria developed as microbial therapeutics or live biotherapeutic products.

Mechanisms Of Microbe-Driven Carcinogenesis

Microbe-driven carcinogenesis describes cancer initiation or progression caused or promoted by microorganisms through direct genetic injury, persistent signaling changes, immune remodeling, or altered host-microbe interactions.

Immune Surveillance, Cellular Senescence, and Age-Related Diseases: Mechanisms and Interventions

Cellular senescence is a stress-responsive state defined chiefly by durable proliferation arrest and frequently accompanied by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Extracellular Vesicles: Pathogenesis and Therapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released by cells and include endosome-derived exosomes and plasma-membrane-derived microvesicles; they transport proteins, lipids, RNA, and other cellular constituents between cells.

Amino Acid Metabolism Reprogramming Mediates Aging and Tumorigenesis

Amino acid metabolism reprogramming describes coordinated changes in amino-acid uptake, synthesis, breakdown, transport, and nutrient sensing that alter cellular growth, stress responses, and metabolic homeostasis.

Mechanism of RB-E2F Pathway-Mediated Senescence-Based Tumor Suppression

Cellular senescence is a stable proliferative arrest that can arise after replicative exhaustion or stress, and its tumor-suppressive role is established as a major barrier to malignant progression.

Nanomaterials Modulate Cellular Senescence to Enhance Tumor Therapy

Cellular senescence is a stable or terminal cell-cycle arrest triggered by stress and accompanied by extensive phenotypic changes, including a bioactive, frequently pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Mechanisms Linking Stromal Cell Senescence to Tumorigenesis

Cellular senescence is a stable growth-arrest program that can suppress malignant transformation, but senescent stromal cells remain metabolically active and can acquire a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that reshapes neighboring tissue.

Metabolic-Epigenetic Synergy Drives the Aging-Associated SASP Inflammatory Phenotype

Cellular senescence is a stable growth-arrest state in which metabolically active cells can develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), releasing inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other bioactive factors that alter surrounding tissues.

Immune Surveillance Evasion by Senescent Cells and Intervention Strategies

Cellular senescence is a stable cell-cycle arrest coupled to a secretory program that remodels the tissue microenvironment.

Interplay Between Aging and Cancer

Aging is a progressive loss of physiological integrity that impairs function and increases vulnerability to major human diseases, including cancer.

Anti-Tumor Effects of a Low-Temperature Metabolic Environment

A low-temperature metabolic environment can be operationally understood as an ambient-cold state that changes whole-body energy allocation, thermogenesis, glucose use, and immune metabolism in ways that alter tumor behavior.

Ubiquitination Regulates Tumor Metabolism and Cancer Therapy

Ubiquitination is a multistep post-translational modification that controls protein stability and diverse cellular activities, while deubiquitination counteracts ubiquitin-dependent regulation.

Tumor Metabolic Regulators Drive Metabolic Reprogramming and Cancer Therapy

The coordinated alteration of nutrient acquisition and metabolic pathways that enables malignant cells to meet bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and redox demands.

Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: a Malignancy Driven by Metabolic Dysregulation

Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), conventionally defined as colorectal cancer diagnosed before age 50, has become a major research focus because its incidence has risen since the 1990s while late-onset colorectal cancer has declined in several high-income countries.

Metabolic Factors and HCC Risk in Chronic Liver Disease

Metabolic factors and HCC risk in chronic liver disease describe the contribution of obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver to hepatocellular carcinoma development across chronically injured livers; research has progressed from recognizing NAFLD as an obesity- and metabolic-syndrome-associated HCC risk state to quantifying its global burden and defining metabolic modifiers of advanced liver outcomes, with a 2016 meta-analysis estimating global NAFLD prevalence at 25.

Circadian Rhythm Regulation of the Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy

Circadian rhythm regulation of the tumor microenvironment describes the time-dependent control of tumor and immune biology by endogenous molecular clocks.

The Role of Circadian Clock Genes in Cancer Biology

Circadian clock genes form an endogenous timekeeping system that generates approximately 24-hour rhythms and coordinates cellular and organismal physiology.

Rhythmic Oscillations of ROS: A Novel Strategy for Cancer Therapy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen-derived molecules that function not only as mediators of oxidative damage but also as physiological signaling agents, with hydrogen peroxide and superoxide serving prominent roles in redox signaling generated by sources including NADPH oxidases and the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

Time-Based Nutrition Intervention for Obesity-Related Tumor Development

Time-based nutrition intervention for obesity-related tumor development refers to dietary strategies that control when food is consumed, including time-restricted eating or feeding and intermittent fasting, with the aim of modifying metabolic and circadian processes linked to obesity and cancer.

Aging, Tumorigenesis, and Circadian Clock Dysregulation

Aging, tumorigenesis, and circadian clock dysregulation converge on a timing system that organizes approximately 24-hour biochemical, physiological, and behavioral oscillations.

Clock Genes and Tumor Microenvironment Regulation

Circadian clock genes regulate approximately 24-hour biological timing through a transcriptional network centered on CLOCK and BMAL1, and cancer research has increasingly linked disruption of this machinery to tumor behavior and the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Macrophage Phenotypic Regulation Mechanisms In Diseases

Macrophages acquire disease-relevant phenotypes through origin, tissue location, and dynamic environmental signaling.

GlycoRNAs Regulate Inflammation And Cancer Development

GlycoRNAs are an emerging class of small noncoding RNAs covalently modified with glycans and displayed at the cell surface.

Bone Marrow Inflammation Heterogeneity Regulates The Progression Of Hematologic Malignancies

Bone marrow inflammation is spatially and functionally heterogeneous, and that heterogeneity can shape the initiation, expansion, treatment resistance, and relapse of hematologic malignancies.

Nanomedicine Targeting Refractory Inflammatory Diseases

Refractory inflammatory diseases persist despite treatment because pathogenic cells are anatomically protected, pathways are redundant, drugs have poor tissue exposure, or systemic dosing is limited by toxicity.

Immunomodulatory Biomaterials: Anti-Inflammatory Strategies To Bypass The Mucosal Barrier

Mucosal inflammatory diseases pose a delivery problem as well as an immunological one.

Molecular Mechanisms And Therapeutic Targets Of Inflammatory Cell Migration

Inflammatory cell migration is the controlled movement of leukocytes from blood or tissue reservoirs into sites of infection, injury, and stress.

Immunothrombosis Associated With Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Immunothrombosis is an innate defense program in which immune activation and coagulation cooperate to confine infection, but the same program becomes injurious when it is excessive or fails to resolve.

Biological Consequences of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Inflammation and Tumors

Consequences depend on which transport function fails, where it fails, and whether the change is transient, progressive, inflammatory, or tumor driven.

Nervous System and Immune Regulation in TME

The nervous system is now recognized as an active component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), alongside malignant, immune, vascular, and stromal cells.

Nervous System Regulation in GI Cancer

Nervous-system regulation in gastrointestinal cancer refers to reciprocal signaling among autonomic, enteric, and sensory nerves; tumor cells; stromal cells; and immune populations.

PNS-Tumor-Immune Interplay in Cancer

The peripheral nervous system-tumor-immune axis is the reciprocal network linking autonomic and sensory fibers with malignant, stromal, vascular, and immune cells.

Neural Influence on NSCLC Immunotherapy Efficacy

Neural influence on non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy refers to the capacity of autonomic and sensory signaling to alter the tumor, stromal, vascular, and immune conditions that determine response to immune checkpoint inhibition.

Neural Invasion in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Perineural invasion is a prominent feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in which cancer cells invade, track along, or surround nerves.

Tumor Innervation: Neural Regulation of Cancer Progression and Immunity

Tumor innervation describes the entry, expansion, and functional activity of autonomic or sensory nerve fibers within the tumor microenvironment.

Entosis: A Cell-in-Cell Death Process

Entosis is a nonphagocytic cell-in-cell process in which one living cell actively enters another and may subsequently die inside the host cell.

Glycosylation Regulates Cell Adhesion

Glycosylation is the enzyme-directed addition and remodeling of carbohydrate structures on proteins and lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

Amino Acid Metabolism and Disease

Amino acid metabolism comprises the transport, synthesis, degradation, and interconversion of amino acids used for protein production, energy, nitrogen disposal, redox control, and biosynthesis.

Membrane Contact Sites Mediate Organelle Interactions and Cancer Progression

Membrane contact sites are nanoscale regions where two organelles are closely apposed without membrane fusion, allowing lipids, calcium, metabolites, and signals to pass through organized protein assemblies.